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Integrated Circuits

概念:Integrated circuit (informally, a “chip”) is a semiconductor crystal (most often silicon) containing the electronic components for the digital gates and storage elements which are interconnected on the chip.

分类:

  • SSI (small-scale integrated) - fewer than 10 gates
  • MSI (medium-scale integrated) - 10 to 100 gates
  • LSI (large-scale integrated) - 100 to thousands of gates
  • VLSI (very large-scale integrated) - thousands to 100s of millions of gates

生产流程:

image.png|650

基本参数:

  1. 扇入系数:门驱动力大小,即一个门的输入数量
  2. 扇出系数:一个门的输出能带动多少门的输入
  3. 逻辑电平:
  4. 噪声容限:
  5. 传输延迟:输入改变到输出改变所需的时间
    • 衡量:变化至H,L间50%的输入输出时刻的距离
    • \(t_{PHL}\)输出\(H\to L\)\(t_{PLH}\)输出\(L\to H\) image.png|400
    • \(t_{pd}:=\max\set{t_{PHL},t_{PLH}}\) or \(t_{pd}:=\dfrac{t_{PHL}+t_{PLH}}{2}\)
    • 模型:
      • 传输延迟:a change in the output in response to a change on the inputs occurs after a fixed specified delay
      • 惯性延迟:rejects narrow “pulses” on the outputs (a time interval less than the rejection time)
    • 竞争冒险:由于传输延迟造成的形如\(^{^{^{\_\_}}}\!\vert\!_{\_\_}\!\vert\!^{^{^{\_\_}}}\)的跳变(由于惯性延迟的存在,实际不会出现) image.png|400
    • 扇出负载对传输延迟具有影响:如\(t_{pd}=0.07+0.021SL\)

Other Gate Types

Buffer门:

  • 定义:\(F=X\)
  • 作用:信号放大器,提高扇出能力与操作速度

NAND门:

  • 定义:\(F(X,Y,Z)=\overline{XYZ}\)
  • 性质:\(\overline{XYZ}=\overline{X}+\overline{Y}+\overline{Z}\),AND-Invert and Invert-OR both represent the NAND gate
  • 作用:通用逻辑门,可实现任意电路

    NAND无结合律,运算复杂,一般先设计普通门电路再映射至NAND用于生产

NOR门:

  • 定义:\(F(X,Y,Z)=\overline{X+Y+Z}\)

    NOR门即为NAND门对偶门

异或 / 同或门:

  • 定义:\(X\oplus Y=X\overline{Y}+\overline{X}Y,\overline{X\oplus Y}=XY+\overline{X}\overline{Y}\)
X Y X\(\oplus\)Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
X Y Z = \(\overline{X\oplus Y}\)
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
  • 性质:\(X\oplus Y\oplus Z=\overline{X}\overline{Y}Z+\overline{X}Y\overline{Z}+X\overline{Y}\overline{Z}+XYZ\)
  • 恒等式:
    • \(X\oplus0=X\qquad X\oplus1=\overline{X}\):利用该原理控制是否为非门
    • \(X\oplus X=0\qquad X\oplus\overline{X}=1\)
    • \(X\oplus Y=Y\oplus X\qquad (X\oplus Y)\oplus Z=X\oplus(Y\oplus Z)=X\oplus Y\oplus Z\)
    • \(X\oplus\overline{Y}=\overline{X\oplus Y}\)

奇偶函数:

  • 定义:The 1s of an odd function correspond to minterms having an index with an odd number of 1s.(卡诺图交错排布)
  • 实现:异或门 \(F=X\oplus Y\oplus Z=(X\oplus Y)\oplus Z\)
  • 应用:生成纠错码(纠错码与原码1总和个数奇偶性确定,故带入奇函数输出确定)

高阻态:

  • 三态门:0, 1, 高阻(Hi-Z) image.png|200
  • 原理:未接入电路(接高低电平的CMOS均断开)
  • 作用:可串联输出(总线上有且仅有一个门能正常工作,其余处于高阻态以保护电路) image.png|200
  • 应用:多路选择器 控制使能控制选择

AOI电路:

  • 记法:输入个数-门个数-...-
  • 例:2-2-1AO 两输入2与门1或门电路